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IELTS Reading: синонимы и paraphrasing

paraphrase и синонимы

Одну и ту же мысль в английском языке (и в любом другом, конечно, тоже) можно выразить десятками разных способов:

- с помощью синонимов 

- используя антонимы

- полностью поменяв структуру предложения и так далее.

Это называется «перефразировать» предложение или paraphrasing / rephrasing. То есть сказать то же самое, но другими словами.

Умение жонглировать разными способами paraphrasing очень пригождается по жизни:

  • когда нужное слово вертится на языке, но никак не можешь его вспомнить
  • когда нужно поточнее выразить оттенки смыслов
  • когда сдаешь международные экзамены по английскому, например, IELTS

В IELTS Reading вообще практически все построено на использовании синонимов и rephrasing. И в связи с этим нужно использовать определенные стратегии чтения.

Давайте этим и займемся:

  • посмотрим, как можно перефразировать одну и ту же мысль
  • потренируемся вычислять предложения со схожим и различным смыслом
  • прокачаем стратегии чтения и выполним одно задание из IELTS Reading – Yes / No / Not Given, где как раз и нужно понимать paraphrasing.

Возьмем один текст из IELTS Reading – When conversations flow. Рекомендую его скачать для удобства и пользоваться по ходу наших экзерсисов, держа его перед глазами. Да и вообще интересный текст для общего развития)) Почитайте!

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Скачать текст IELTS Reading в pdf.


Примеры paraphrasing в английском

Вот несколько предложений из текста и способы их перефразировать, сохранив при этом смысл.

1. We are very accustomed to the art of conversing.

  • We are familiar with the art of having conversations.
  • We are used to the art of communicating.

Подробнее о paraphrasing и синонимах - жмите на кнопку!

Синонимы в английском языке:

  • accustomed to = used to = familiar with
  • conversing = communicating

Rephrasing:

conversing = заменили словосочетанием having conversations.


2. We get nervous and distressed when a conversation is interrupted by unexpected silences.

  • We feel uncomfortable when a dialogue is disrupted by a sudden moment of silence.
  • We get nervous when communication is interrupted by an unplanned pause.

Смотрим на синонимы в английском языке и способы paraphrasing - жмите на кнопку!

Синонимы:

  • a conversation = a dialogue
  • interrupted = disrupted (эти слова не всегда будут взаимозаменяемыми синонимами, но в данном контексте они схожи по смыслу, т.е. являются контекстуальными синонимами.)
  • sudden = unexpected = unplanned

Rephrasing:

Nervous and distressed вполне можно заменить одним словом uncomfortable, а unexpected silences перефразировать как a sudden moment of silence.


3. The ease with which people process information influences people's judgments.

  • The amount of effort individuals have to make while processing information has an impact on people’s opinions.
  • People’s opinions are affected by the amount of effort they have to make while interpreting information.
Подробнее об этих примерах.

Синонимы в английском языке:

  • people = individuals
  • process information = interpret information
  • influence = have an impact = affect
  • opinions = judgements

Paraphrasing:

В первом варианте мы перефразировали слово ease целым словосочетанием the amount of effort individuals have to make, а во втором предложении поменяли структуру с:

  • The ease ... influences judgments (Active)

на

  • People's opinions are affected by... (Passive)

4. Research indicates that a speaker is judged to be more knowledgeable when they answer questions instantly.

  • Studies show that a speaker is considered to be knowledgeable when they respond immediately.
  • Studies demonstrate that a speaker is seen as more intelligent when they give an instant response.

Подробнее про синонимы в английском языке.

Синонимы:

  • research = studies
  • indicate = show = demonstrate
  • is judged to be = is considered to be = is seen as
  • knowledgeable = intelligent
  • answer questions = respond = give a response
  • instantly = immediately

5. Remaining silent for a moment too long can destroy that positive image.

  • Staying silent a little longer than expected can undermine that positive image.
  • Not responding immediately can sabotage that positive image.

Подробности.

Синонимы:

staying = remaining

destroy = undermine = sabotage

Paraphrasing:

a moment too long = a little longer than expected

staying silent for a moment too long = not responding immediately


Осторожно с синонимами!

Тот факт, что какие-то слова являются синонимами в одном контексте, не означает, что их всегда можно использовать взаимозаменяемо.

Например:

  • Research indicates = shows = demonstrates

То, что в наших примерах мы их посчитали синонимами, не означает, что то же самое можно сделать здесь:

  • I showed her my holiday photos = I indicated her my holiday photos.

Или:

  • Staying silent can destroy = sabotage that positive image

Но:

  • The old buildings will be destroyed = The old buildings will be sabotaged.


Упражнение на синонимы и paraphrasing

Теперь давайте немного потренируем стратегии чтения, умение находить синонимы в английском языке и узнавать rephrasing.

Выберите предложение, которое НЕ выражает ту же мысль. Может получиться так, что все предложения окажутся перефразированными вариантами одного и того же смысла. Тогда выбирайте ‘None of the above ‘.

1. They like things that are easy to process more than things that are difficult to process.They prefer things to be complicated rather than simple.;They favor things that are easy to understand over things that are difficult to make sense of.;They prefer things that they have no trouble understanding to things that are hard to understand.;None of the above1
2. People attempt to synchronize with their partners by coordinating their behavior.
People try to be in sync with their partners by adapting their behavior.;Individuals attempt to synchronize with their interlocutors by fine-tuning their behavior.;People mirror their partner’s behavior, which helps them to be in sync.;None of the above43. This interpersonal coordination underlies a wide array of human activities, ranging from more complicated ones like ballroom dancing to simply walking or talking with friends.This interpersonal coordination underlies a wide range of human activities, varying from more complicated ones like ballroom dancing to simply walking or speaking to friends.;This interpersonal coordination is at the core of a broad scope of human activities that vary from more sophisticated ones like ballroom dancing to simply walking or communicating with friends.;This interpersonal coordination affects a wide array of human activities, varying from more complicated ones like ballroom dancing to simply walking or talking with friends.;None of the above34. People adjust the duration of their utterances and their speech rate to one another.People adjust the volume of their voice and their speech rate to one another.;People fine-tune the length of their utterances and the pace at which they speak to one another.;People adapt the length of their utterances and their speech rate to their interlocutor.;None of the above15. (… interruptions, simultaneous speech or mutual silences) Avoiding these features is important for maintaining interpersonal relationships.Avoiding these features is crucial for maintaining interpersonal connections.;Avoiding these features is irrelevant to the task of maintaining interpersonal ties.;Avoiding these is vital for sustaining interpersonal relationships.;None of the above26. The need to belong has been identified as one of the most basic of human motivations.The need to be part of a group has been identified as one of the most primary of human motivations.;The urge to be part of a group has been recognized as one of the most fundamental of human drives.;The need to belong has been identified as the most fundamental human drive.;None of the above37. We all know that silences can be pretty awkward.We are ignorant of the fact that silences can be quite awkward.;We are aware of the fact that silences can be quite uncomfortable.;We realize that moments of silence can be pretty uncomfortable.;None of the above18. Even short disruptions in conversational flow can lead to a sharp rise in distress levels.Even brief disruptions in conversational flow can result in a sharp rise in stress levels.;Even instantaneous disruptions in conversational flow can cause a dramatic increase in stress levels.;Even short disruptions in conversational flow result in a sharp rise in stress levels.;None of the above39. In movies, silences are often used to signal non-compliance or confrontation.In movies, silences are commonly used to indicate non-obedience or conflict.;Movie directors often use silences to signal non-conformity or disagreement.;Film makers often use silences to make viewers aware of non-conformity or tension.;None of the above410. A silence is generally taken as a sign of rejection.A silence is commonly interpreted as a signal of being rejected.;A silence is typically perceived as an indicator of not being accepted.;People often see silence as a sign of non-acceptance.;None of the above4


IELTS Reading - Yes / No / Not Given

А теперь давайте применим эффективные стратегии чтения и потренируемся на самом что ни на есть настоящем экзаменационном задании из IELTS Reading. Выберите:


Yes – если информация в тексте доказывает утверждение

No – если информация в тексте противоречит утверждению

Not Given – если нельзя однозначно подтвердить или опровергнуть утверждение с помощью текста



Я немного облегчу задачу и покажу то место в тексте, где находится ответ. Остается только его правильно интерпретировать.

Приступим?

We spend a large part of our daily life talking with other people and, consequently, we are very accustomed to the art of conversing. But why do we feel comfortable in conversations that have flow, but get nervous and distressed when a conversation is interrupted by unexpected silences?

1. Conversation occupies much of our time.
Yes;No;Not Given1Research has shown that processing fluency - the ease with which people process information – influences people's judgments across a broad range of social dimensions. For instance, people feel that when something is easily processed, it is more true or accurate. Moreover, they have more confidence in their judgments regarding information that came to them fluently, and they like things that are easy to process more than things that are difficult lo process.

2. People assess information according to how readily they can understand it.
Yes;No;Not Given1Research indicates that a speaker is judged to be more knowledgeable when they answer questions instantly; responding with disfluent speech markers such as 'uh' or 'um' or simply remaining silent for a moment too long can destroy that positive image.

3. A quick response to a question is thought to show a lack of knowledge.
Yes;No;Not Given2One way in which people can justify their worldviews is by assuming that, as long as their conversations run smoothly, their interaction partners probably agree with them. This idea was tested by researchers using video observations.

4. Video observations have often been used to assess conversational flow.
Yes;No;Not Given3Because people are generally so well-trained in having smooth conversations, any disruption of this flow indicates that something is wrong, either interpersonally or within the group as a whole. Consequently, people who do not talk very easily may be incorrectly understood as being less agreeable than those who have no difficulty keeping up a conversation.

5. People who talk less often have clearer ideas than those who talk a lot.
Yes;No;Not Given3In a similar sense, the ever-increasing number of online conversations may be disrupted by misinterpretations and anxiety that are produced by insuperable delays in the Internet connection.

6. Delays in online chat fail to have the same negative effect as disruptions that occur in natural conversation.
Yes;No;Not Given2

На всякий случай предупрежу, что в настоящем IELTS Reading нужное место в тексте не будет обозначено, его будет нужно найти самостоятельно. И это тоже часть стратегии чтения.


Справились с paraphrasing? Успешно? Молодцы!))

Или возникли вопросы? Задайте в комментариях, обсудим!

 

Автор: Дарья Масловская

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